How to get current URL in Magento?

In Magento, I use below codes as required to get the Current Url and pages. I hope this will help you to find current url in your magento ecommerce website. Below is the first code that will return full Magento's current Url.

<?php
$currentUrl = $this->helper('core/url')->getCurrentUrl();
?>

<?php
$current_page = '';
/*
* Check to see if its a CMS page
* if it is then get the page identifier
*/
if(Mage::app()->getFrontController()->getRequest()->getRouteName() == 'cms'):
$current_page = Mage::getSingleton('cms/page')->getIdentifier();
endif;
/*
* If its not CMS page, then just get the route name
*/
if(empty($current_page)):
$current_page = Mage::app()->getFrontController()->getRequest()->getRouteName();
endif;
/*
* What if its a catalog page?
* Then we can get the category path :)
*/
if($current_page == 'catalog'):
$current_page = 'categorypath-' . preg_replace('#[^a-z0-9]+#', '-', strtolower(Mage::registry('current_category')->getUrlPath()));
endif;
?>

Other Related useful shortcuts:

Get Magento Url including index.php if not rewrited.

e.g. http://w3tut.org/index.php/

Mage::getBaseUrl(Mage_Core_Model_Store::URL_TYPE_LINK);

Get Magento Media Url

e.g. http://w3tut.org/media/

Mage::getBaseUrl(Mage_Core_Model_Store::URL_TYPE_MEDIA);

Get Magento Skin Url

e.g. http://w3tut.org/skin/

Mage::getBaseUrl(Mage_Core_Model_Store::URL_TYPE_SKIN);

Get Magento Store Url

e.g. http://w3tut.org/

Mage::getBaseUrl(Mage_Core_Model_Store::URL_TYPE_WEB);

Get Magento Js Url

e.g. http://w3tut.org/js/

Mage::getBaseUrl(Mage_Core_Model_Store::URL_TYPE_JS);

Get Home URL

$magento_home_url = Mage::helper('core/url')->getHomeUrl();

Get not secure Skin URL:

$image = $this->getSkinUrl('images/magento-image.jpg');

Get secure Skin URL

$image = $this->getSkinUrl('images/magento-image.jpg', array('_secure'=>true));

Magento Syntaxes to use in CMS Content.

Get SKIN URL

{{skin url='images/magento-image.jpg '}}

Get Media URL

{{media url='/magento-image.jpg'}}

Get Store URL

{{store url='magento-page.html'}}

Get Base URL

 {{base url='magento-page.html'}}

Useful code in magento development

Get full Skin Url inside code

e.g. http://w3tut.org/skin/frontend/default/default/

Mage::app()->getLayout()->getBlock('head')->getSkinUrl();

Read Here for: Magento Get Current Category